沙型盐碱地水产养殖生态修复效果评价

为修复西北地区沙型盐碱地的土壤环境，提升盐碱土地的利用效率，以景泰县盐碱地区为试验区域，创新采用水产养殖生态修复技术，并综合评价了该技术的修复效果。结果表明：采用水产养殖生态修复技术后盐碱地区的盐度，氯化物和硫酸盐等指标呈现逐渐下降趋势，改善了当地的土壤环境，提升了盐碱土地的利用效率。发展水产养殖业也给养殖户带来了一定的经济收益，提升了养殖户发展水产养殖业的积极性，起到了良性发展的效果。本文为盐碱土地的修复治理提供一种高效生态的修复方法，并为全国盐碱地的改良提供一定的技术参考。     

我国生态草牧业政策梳理及评价

草牧业是以草为基础的畜牧业,是在传统畜牧业和草业基础上提升的新型生态草畜产业。我国草原面积近60亿亩,草地畜牧业发展拥有巨大潜力,如何实现草地资源可持续利用是当前政策制定者面临的重要任务与挑战。本研究借鉴柳卸林的政策分析框架,梳理2000年以来我国政府颁布的草牧业政策,并基于呼伦贝尔地区的农、牧户调研,辨识草牧业发展的政策缺口,厘清当地生态草牧业发展中不同利益相关者的需求与困境,为长期的政策制定提供支撑。     

基于USLE模型的长株潭城市群生态绿心区水土流失研究

[目的]研究2018年长株潭(长沙市—株州市—湘潭市)城市群生态绿心区最佳植被覆盖和水土流失状况,为区域综合治理提供理论依据。[方法]运用GIS和RS技术,以长株潭区域降雨、土壤、地形、土地利用等数据为基础,采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)模型和USLE国际通用土壤流失方程为优选模型。[结果]长株潭绿心区总面积为52 287 hm~2,整体植被状况较好,高覆盖度(75%～100%)面积最大,占绿心区总面积一半以上,为26 598.40 hm~2;中低覆盖度(30%～40%)面积最小,占区域总面积的8.61%,为4 501.91 hm~2。长株潭城市群生态绿心区总侵蚀(不含微度)面积为3 654.24 hm~2,占总面积的6.99%。湘潭市侵蚀比重最高,为8.51%,长沙市次之,为6.67%,株洲市侵蚀总比例最小,为5.68%。工程建设用地在禁止开发区、限制开发区和控制建设区的侵蚀面积分别为963.92,310.74,735.11 hm~2。[结论]受人为因素、城市建设、产业分布等影响,长株潭城市群生态绿心区覆盖度空间呈现西部低,中东部高的格局,工程建设是造成绿心区土壤侵蚀的主要原因。     

不同制剂处理对水稻秧苗素质的影响

盆栽试验结果显示,用漯效王1 000、1 200、1 500、2 000倍液浸种甬优12(籼粳杂交稻)和中浙优1号(籼型杂交稻)种子,2个水稻品种的种子发芽率、根长、胚芽长均与清水对照无明显差异。在不施化肥的情况下用漯效王喷施叶面,2个品种的株高、根长、地上部鲜质量、地下部鲜质量、叶绿素相对含量与清水对照也无明显差异。在对处理组施尿素后用漯效王喷施叶面,而对清水、普绿通、可杀得叁仟处理组只施尿素的情况下,漯效王处理的水稻株高、地上部鲜质量、地下部鲜质量、叶绿素相对含量明显优于清水对照、普绿通、可杀得叁仟处理。叶面喷施后14d,漯效王处理组各指标依旧优于对照组。综合试验结果表明,漯效王在与尿素配合施用的情况下能够达到促进肥效、抗虫、促进根部和植株生长、促进分蘖的作用,并且药效持久性好。     

The role of green roofs in mitigating Urban Heat Island effects in the metropolitan area of Adelaide,South Australia

Changing an urban environment and replacing vegetated surfaces with low albedo materials is one of the reasons for increasing temperatures in an urban environment and consequently also one of the key causes of urban heat island effects. In this study, an experimental investigation at the micro-scale and also a numerical simulation at the macro-scale of a typical urban environment in Adelaide were conducted to estimate the potential for mitigating the UHI effect. The results showed that existing low albedo materials such as asphalt, metal roofs and brick pavements contribute to the heat island potential. Also, urban development and a lack of natural vegetation contribute to increased temperatures in cities. The ability of two types of extensive and intensive green roofs to reduce the surrounding micro-climate temperature were monitored. The results showed that they have significant cooling effects in summer time and could behave as an insulation layer to keep buildings warmer in the winter. Furthermore, different scenarios of adding green roofs to the Adelaide urban environment were investigated using the Envi–MET model. The scenario modelling of adding green roofs in a typical urban area in Adelaide, Australia, supported the hypothesis that this can lead to reductions in energy consumption in the Adelaide urban environment. Also an increased use of other water sensitive urban design technologies such as green walls and street trees together with the adoption of high albedo materials is recommended for achieving the optimum efficiency in terms of reducing urban temperatures and mitigating urban heat island effects.     

Incorporating local ecological knowledge into urban riparian restoration in a mountainous region of Southwest China

Modern cities use straightened and concrete watercourses with simple greening for riparian zones, which has been criticised for insensitivity to natural system integrity and cultural identity. This increases the challenge to urban ecologists, landscape designers and managers to conceive innovative and effective design solutions that do not jeopardise hydraulic efficiency yet are culturally acceptable to local communities. This paper introduces the field of local ecological knowledge (LEK) as rich sources of inspiration and design solutions to meet this challenge. LEK refers to knowledge and practices of various local cultures about the relationship of living beings (including humans) with their environments. Wepropose a pragmatic framework that integrates LEK with modern landscape design. It includes steps: (1) investigate existing practices, skills andmeasures relating to LEK; (2) explore how and whereLEKcan inspire or integrate withdesign. Here we propose three aspects for integration in accordance with the nature of landscaping process: overall structure, component and maintenance.(3)evaluate and test the integration in terms of its acceptability by local communities. Taking the riparian revegetation project of Hanfeng Lake Urban Wetland Park (Chongqing Municipality) as an example, we illustrate the utility of this framework. 11 local common practices relating to LEK were identified. According to thethree aspects for integration, alternative design solutions were offered. The survey showed that LEK based designwas more highly valued than other conventional ways in terms of useracceptance. We conclude that LEK provides actionable ecologically sound and culturally desirablesolutions for urbanlandscape. We also recognise that LEK evolveswith changing environments and new harmonious and dynamic human-nature relationships arecontinually re-forming. The process of acquisition and application of LEK could encourage multidisciplinary and synthetic approaches to urban ecosystems. Such adaptability and interdisciplinary engagementare crucial totoday’schanging and complexurban environments.     

南京城市化对极端气温的影响

为了科学认识城市化对极端气温的影响,利用南京地区3个城区气象站和3个周边乡村站1961—2005年日最高、最低气温资料,对比分析城市站和乡村站17个极端气温指数的平均值和变化趋势,并定量估算极端气温变化趋势的城市化影响及贡献。结果表明:近45年南京地区暖事件均为增加趋势,而冷事件多为减少趋势,最高气温、最低气温的平均值和极值均为上升趋势。城市站与乡村站相比,暖事件更多,冷事件更少,最高气温、最低气温的平均值和极值更大。城市化对极端气温变化趋势的影响有两大特点:城市化加速了极端气温指数的变化速率,使得暖事件、平均值、极值的上升趋势和冷事件的下降趋势变得更大;基于最低气温的极端气温指数变化趋势比基于最高气温的极端气温指数受城市化影响更显著。城市化贡献表现为:暖事件大于冷事件,最低气温极值和平均值大于相应的最高气温极值和平均值。     

荒漠草原区家庭牧场退化草地恢复管理措施研究

为探索荒漠草原区家庭生态牧场退化草地恢复治理措施,2014—2017年开展了对3户家庭生态牧场退化草地恢复管理措施试验。结果表明:补播措施和划破加补播措施明显提高了退化草地地上生物量、植被盖度及草群高度,对物种丰富度的影响不显著,补播措施地上生物量增加51.6%~58.4%,划破加补播处理地上生物量增加48.3%~48.9%;第3年,补播处理、划破加补播处理植被盖度较第1年的对照增加50.2%~70.8%,草群高度增加52.1%~69.8%;补播措施和划破加补播措施使杂草类在总生物量中的比例降低至10%左右,莎草类降低至14%左右。综合评价后,补播、划破加补播措施为当地家庭生态牧场退化草地恢复的有效管理措施;可以为荒漠草原区家庭生态牧场退化草地恢复治理提供技术支持。     

广东新农村建设的现状分析与发展对策

针对广东新农村建设存在的规划滞后、资源浪费、污染严重、社会管理水平低、环保意识薄弱等问题，提出用生态文明理念引领新农村建设以及建设广东生态文明新农村的对策。